为什么要学习使用archlinux和安装archlinux

• 在众多的Linux发行版中, archlinux的软件和内核策略一直是较为激进的(追求最新的软件发行版本) —— 滚动跟新软件和Linux内核, 在使用archlinux可以使用到几乎最新的软件和Linux内核.
• 而众多的Linux发行版中例如: redhat系列和Debian系列均提供较为友好的图形化安装界面, 但随之而的问题是Linux的底层是命令行, Linux通过终端或者说命令行来与用户交互, 而archlinux的默认安装方式即是通过键入命令来进行分区、选择时区、语言、引导程序的安装等, 通过安装archlinux可以更加直观的看到使用linux命令带来的效果, 更加深入的理解linux和linux的哲学 —— "Everything is a file"

安装前的准备

archlinux镜像的获取

• archlinux官网
• 阿里云archlinux镜像站
• 西安交通大学archlinux镜像站

VMware的相关设置

1. 新建虚拟机后选择自定义

2. 将版本选择为Linux6.x 内核版本

3. 为方便使用和安装快一点可以将配置给高一点

4. 在CD/DVD 将 ISO 镜像选择下载好的archlinux.iso镜像

5. 最终配置

安装过程

选择第一个选项即可开始安装

• 安装界面

检查一下网络

• 这里我使用了ssh连接

zsh
root@archiso ~ # ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host noprefixroute
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:13:7d:5a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    altname enp2s1
    inet 192.168.12.135/24 metric 100 brd 192.168.12.255 scope global dynamic ens33
       valid_lft 1523sec preferred_lft 1523sec
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe13:7d5a/64 scope link proto kernel_ll
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
root@archiso ~ # ping www.baidu.com
PING www.baidu.com (198.18.0.124) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 198.18.0.124: icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=0.778 ms
64 bytes from 198.18.0.124: icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=1.10 ms
64 bytes from 198.18.0.124: icmp_seq=3 ttl=128 time=1.30 ms
64 bytes from 198.18.0.124: icmp_seq=4 ttl=128 time=1.04 ms
^C
--- www.baidu.com ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3008ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.778/1.055/1.304/0.187 ms

• 安装一下网络工具

zsh
root@archiso ~ # pacman -Sy net-tools

更新系统时钟

zsh
root@archiso ~ # timedatectl set-ntp true
root@archiso ~ # timedatectl status
               Local time: Thu 2024-05-30 04:20:26 UTC
           Universal time: Thu 2024-05-30 04:20:26 UTC
                 RTC time: Thu 2024-05-30 04:20:26
                Time zone: UTC (UTC, +0000)
System clock synchronized: yes
              NTP service: active
          RTC in local TZ: no

查看启动模式

• 命令行输入ls /sys/firmware/efi/efivars
• 若列出了efivars目录则为UEFI启动，若提示该目录不存在则为BIOS启动，要记住自己是哪种启动类型，后面操作不同的启动类型方法不同
• 我的是BIOS启动

zsh
root@archiso ~ # ls /sys/firmware/efi/efivars
ls: cannot access '/sys/firmware/efi/efivars': No such file or directory

分区

查看分区情况

zsh
root@archiso ~ # lsblk
NAME  MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
loop0   7:0    0 788.9M  1 loop /run/archiso/airootfs
sda     8:0    0    40G  0 disk
sr0    11:0    1   1.1G  0 rom  /run/archiso/bootmnt

进行分区

磁盘转换类型

zsh
root@archiso ~ # parted /dev/sda
GNU Parted 3.6
Using /dev/sda
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) help
  align-check TYPE N                       check partition N for TYPE(min|opt) alignment
  help [COMMAND]                           print general help, or help on COMMAND
  mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE               create a new disklabel (partition table)
  mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END     make a partition
  name NUMBER NAME                         name partition NUMBER as NAME
  print [devices|free|list,all]            display the partition table, or available devices, or free space, or all
        found partitions
  quit                                     exit program
  rescue START END                         rescue a lost partition near START and END
  resizepart NUMBER END                    resize partition NUMBER
  rm NUMBER                                delete partition NUMBER
  select DEVICE                            choose the device to edit
  disk_set FLAG STATE                      change the FLAG on selected device
  disk_toggle [FLAG]                       toggle the state of FLAG on selected device
  set NUMBER FLAG STATE                    change the FLAG on partition NUMBER
  toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]]                   toggle the state of FLAG on partition NUMBER
  type NUMBER TYPE-ID or TYPE-UUID         type set TYPE-ID or TYPE-UUID of partition NUMBER
  unit UNIT                                set the default unit to UNIT
  version                                  display the version number and copyright information of GNU Parted
(parted) mklabel msdos

使用cfdisk进行分区

root@archiso ~ # cfdisk

• 选择Write输入yes
• 查看分区情况

zsh
root@archiso ~ # lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
loop0    7:0    0 788.9M  1 loop /run/archiso/airootfs
sda      8:0    0    40G  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    0     8G  0 part
└─sda2   8:2    0    32G  0 part
sr0     11:0    1   1.1G  0 rom  /run/archiso/bootmnt

格式化分区

• 命令行输入mkswap /dev/sda1，格式化swap分区

zsh
root@archiso ~ # mkswap /dev/sda1
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 8 GiB (8589930496 bytes)
no label, UUID=403dec77-10b0-4549-a258-29e57803cd32

• 命令行输入mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2，格式化系统分区

zsh
root@archiso ~ # mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2
mke2fs 1.47.0 (5-Feb-2023)
Creating filesystem with 8388352 4k blocks and 2097152 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 3368f08d-2ca8-47c1-823d-8ce569c4f6ed
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
        4096000, 7962624

Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

• 命令行输入swapon /dev/sda1，激活swap分区

zsh
root@archiso ~ # swapon /dev/sda1

挂载分区

• 命令行输入mount /dev/sda2 /mnt，将系统分区/dev/sda2挂载到/mnt目录。

zsh
32 root@archiso ~ # mount /dev/sda2 /mnt
root@archiso ~ # lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
loop0    7:0    0 788.9M  1 loop /run/archiso/airootfs
sda      8:0    0    40G  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    0     8G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda2   8:2    0    32G  0 part /mnt
sr0     11:0    1   1.1G  0 rom  /run/archiso/bootmnt
root@archiso ~ # df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
dev             1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev
run             1.9G   11M  1.9G   1% /run
/dev/sr0        1.1G  1.1G     0 100% /run/archiso/bootmnt
cowspace        256M  9.8M  247M   4% /run/archiso/cowspace
/dev/loop0      789M  789M     0 100% /run/archiso/airootfs
airootfs        256M  9.8M  247M   4% /
tmpfs           1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs           1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /tmp
tmpfs           1.9G  2.6M  1.9G   1% /etc/pacman.d/gnupg
tmpfs           389M  8.0K  389M   1% /run/user/0
/dev/sda2        32G  2.1M   30G   1% /mnt

安装系统

必须的基础包

zsh
root@archiso ~ # pacstrap /mnt base base-devel linux linux-headers linux-firmware

必须的功能性软件

zsh
root@archiso ~ # pacstrap /mnt dhcpcd iwd vim bash-completion

生成文件系统表

zsh
root@archiso ~ # genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
root@archiso ~ # cat /mnt/etc/fstab
# Static information about the filesystems.
# See fstab(5) for details.

# <file system> <dir> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
# /dev/sda2
UUID=3368f08d-2ca8-47c1-823d-8ce569c4f6ed       /               ext4            rw,relatime     0 1

# /dev/sda1
UUID=403dec77-10b0-4549-a258-29e57803cd32       none            swap            defaults        0 0

进入系统进行相关配置

进入系统

zsh
root@archiso ~ # arch-chroot /mnt
[root@archiso /]# 

设置时区

bash
[root@archiso /]# ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtime

• 同步硬件时钟

bash
[root@archiso /]# hwclock --systohc

本地化设置

bash
[root@archiso /]# vim /etc/locale.gen
#en_SG.UTF-8 UTF-8
#en_SG ISO-8859-1
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
#en_US ISO-8859-1
#en_ZA.UTF-8 UTF-8
#en_ZA ISO-8859-1
#en_ZM UTF-8

• 将en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8前的注释取消
• 输入locale-gen生成locale信息

bash
[root@archiso /]# locale-gen
Generating locales...
  en_US.UTF-8... done
Generation complete.

• 输入locale -a列出所有启用的locale

bash
[root@archiso /]# locale -a
C
C.utf8
POSIX
en_US.utf8

• 创建 locale.conf文件，编辑设定 LANG 变量, 输入locale，查看一下

bash
[root@archiso /]# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf
[root@archiso /]# local
bash: local: can only be used in a function
[root@archiso /]# local
local       locale      locale-gen  localectl   localedef
[root@archiso /]# locale
LANG=C.UTF-8
LC_CTYPE="C.UTF-8"
LC_NUMERIC="C.UTF-8"
LC_TIME="C.UTF-8"
LC_COLLATE="C.UTF-8"
LC_MONETARY="C.UTF-8"
LC_MESSAGES=
LC_PAPER="C.UTF-8"
LC_NAME="C.UTF-8"
LC_ADDRESS="C.UTF-8"
LC_TELEPHONE="C.UTF-8"
LC_MEASUREMENT="C.UTF-8"
LC_IDENTIFICATION="C.UTF-8"
LC_ALL=

设置主机名

• 在/etc/hostname设置主机名
• 在/etc/hosts设置与其匹配的条目。

[root@archiso /]# vim /etc/hostname
arch01
[root@archiso /]# vim /etc/hosts
# Static table lookup for hostnames.
# See hosts(5) for details.
127.0.0.1   localhost
::1         localhost
127.0.1.1   arch01

安装引导程序

bash
# grub是启动引导器，efibootmgr被 grub 脚本用来将启动项写入 NVRAM。
[root@archiso /]# pacman -S grub efibootmgr
[root@archiso /]# grub-install /dev/sda

生成grub的配置文件

• 输入grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg，生成grub的配置文件

bash
[root@archiso /]# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
Generating grub configuration file ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-linux
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-linux.img
Found fallback initrd image(s) in /boot:  initramfs-linux-fallback.img
Warning: os-prober will not be executed to detect other bootable partitions.
Systems on them will not be added to the GRUB boot configuration.
Check GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER documentation entry.
Adding boot menu entry for UEFI Firmware Settings ...
done

这里出现了警告，按照提示处理一下在grub文件中取消GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER=false注释

bash
[root@archiso /]# vim /etc/default/grub
GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER=false

• 再次执行命令

bash
[root@archiso /]# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
Generating grub configuration file ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-linux
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-linux.img
Found fallback initrd image(s) in /boot:  initramfs-linux-fallback.img
Adding boot menu entry for UEFI Firmware Settings ...
done

• 没有警告出现

完成安装

zsh
[root@archiso /]# exit           # 退回安装环境#
exit
root@archiso ~ # umount -R /mnt  # 卸载新分区
root@archiso ~ # reboot          # 重启

插曲忘记设置root密码😅

• VMware Linux虚拟机忘记密码

参考资料

• Arch Linux 安装使用教程 - ArchTutorial - Arch Linux Studio
• VMware安装Arch Linux